Exploring the Role of Blended ELTeach Training and Institutional Support in Promoting the Professional Confidence of Indonesian Non-Native English-Speaking Teachers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18326/register.v19i1.28-58Keywords:
blended teacher professional development, non-native English-speaking teachers, madrasah, pesantren, faith-based educationAbstract
In recent years, there has been a growing focus on the development of language teachers; however, how to effectively support and enhance their confidence remains largely under-researched and inadequately understood. This mixed-methods sequential explanatory study explores how a four-month blended teacher training program, combined with varying levels of institutional support, may enhance English teachers' confidence in language use and understanding essential teaching methodologies. The training program integrated the ELTeach platform, a globally recognized online training resource, with in-person workshops. The study involved 250 Indonesian teachers from Islamic elementary and secondary schools; however, it primarily reports on the findings from 26 participants, divided into two equal groups based on their perceived institutional support. Participants self-assessed their confidence levels before and after training. Results from mixed ANOVA analyses indicate that ELTeach-based training significantly increased ELT professional confidence; however, perceived institutional support and the combination of training with support did not yield a significant impact. Interviews with six participants—involving three teachers before and after training and three principals after the training—showed the impact of personal factors and the dynamics within the training program. The alignment between the quantitative and qualitative findings underscored the training potential to promote teacher professional confidence, regardless of the level of institutional support. The study concludes with the implications for the development of teacher professional development, especially in promoting teacher confidence.
References
Al-Hoorie, A. H., & Vitta, J. P. (2019). The seven sins of L2 research: A review of 30 journals’ statistical quality and their CiteScore, SJR, SNIP, JCR Impact Factors. Language Teaching Research, 23(6), 727–744. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168818767191
Aarts, E., Verhage, M., Veenvliet, J. V., Dolan, C. V., & Van Der Sluis, S. (2014). A solution to dependency: Using multilevel analysis to accommodate nested data. Nature Neuroscience, 17(4), 491–496. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3648
Ahmad, H. (2023). Glocalizing English language teaching in the Arabian gulf: Professional development’s mediating influence. Register Journal, 16(2), 301-322. https://doi.org/10.18326/register.v16i2.301-322
Boisgontier, M. P., & Cheval, B. (2016). The ANOVA to mixed model transition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 1004–1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.034
Borg, S. (2018). Evaluating the impact of professional development. RELC Journal, 49(2), 195–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688218784371
Brenner, P. S., & DeLamater, J. (2016). Lies, damned lies, and survey self-reports? Identity as a cause of measurement bias. Social Psychology Quarterly, 79(4), 333–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272516628298
Cerit, Y. (2013). Relationship between teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs and their willingness to implement curriculum reform. International Journal of Educational Reform, 22(3), 252-270.
Cheung, K. K. C., & Tai, K. W. H. (2021). The use of intercoder reliability in qualitative interview data analysis in science education. Research in Science & Technological Education, 41(3), 1155–1175. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2021.1993179
Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284
Corry, M., & Stella, J. (2018). Teacher self-efficacy in online education: A review of the literature. Research in Learning Technology, 26. https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v26.2047
Crandall, J., & Christison, M. (2016). Teacher education and professional development in TESOL. Routledge.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage.
Darling-Hammond, L., Wei, R. C., Andree, A., Richardson, N., & Orphanos, S. (2009). Professional learning in the learning profession. National Staff Development Council.
Drajati, N. A., So, H.-J., Rakerda, H., Ilmi, M., & Sulistyawati, H. (2023). Exploring the impact of TPACK-based teacher professional development (TPD) program on EFL teachers’ TPACK confidence and beliefs. Journal of Asia TEFL, 20(2), 300-315.
Farid, A., & Lamb, M. (2020). English for Da’wah? L2 motivation in Indonesian pesantren schools. System, 94, 102310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102310
Richards, J. C., & Farrell, T. S. C. (2005). Professional development for language teachers: Strategies for teacher learning. Cambridge University Press.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
Freeman, D. (2017a). The case for teachers’ classroom English proficiency. RELC Journal, 48(1), 31–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688217691073
Freeman, D. (2017b). The English-for-teaching course in Vietnam: Who took it and what did they learn? A description of participants and their experience. In D. Freeman & L. Le Dréan (Eds.), Developing classroom English competence: Learning from the Vietnam experience (pp. 44–55). IDP Education (Cambodia) Ltd. https://doi.org/10.5746/LEiA/DCEC_2017
Freeman, D. (2020). Arguing for a knowledge-base in language teacher education, then (1998) and now (2018). Language Teaching Research, 24(1), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168818777534
Freeman, D., & Katz, A. (2019). Leveraging teaching knowledge to develop teachers’ classroom English: Working at scale. In L. Van Canh, H. T. M. Nguyen, N. T. T. Minh, & R. Barnard (Eds.), Building teacher capacity in English language teaching in Vietnam: Research, policy and practice (pp. 99–114). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429457371
Freeman, D., Katz, A., Dréan, L. le, Burns, A., & Maurice Hauck. (2012). ELTeach Global Pilot 2012. National Geographic Learning. https://eltngl.com/assets/downloads/elteach_pro0000009151/global-pilot-report.pdf
Freeman, D., Webre, A.-C., & Epperson, M. (2019). What counts as knowledge in English language teaching? In S. Walsh & S. Mann (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of English language teacher education (pp. 13–24). Routledge.
Gbobaniyi, O., Srivastava, S., Oyetunji, A. K., Amaechi, C. V., Beddu, S. B., & Ankita, B. (2023). The mediating effect of perceived institutional support on inclusive leadership and academic loyalty in higher education. Sustainability, 15(17), Article 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151713195
Goodman, B., Kambatyrova, A., Aitzhanova, K., Kerimkulova, S., & Chsherbakov, A. (2022). Institutional supports for language development through English-medium instruction: A factor analysis. TESOL Quarterly, 56(2), 713–749. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3090
Gordon, D., Blundell, C., Mills, R., & Bourke, T. (2023). Teacher self-efficacy and reform: a systematic literature review. The Australian Educational Researcher, 50(3), 801-821.
Goss-Sampson, M. A. (2022). Statistical Analysis in JASP 0.16.1: A Guide for students. https://jasp-stats.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Statistical-Analysis-in-JASP-A-Students-Guide-v16.pdf
Gu, L., & Papageorgiou, S. (2016). Exploring the relationships among teacher confidence, learning, and test performance within the English-for-teaching course. ETS Research Report Series, 2016(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ets2.12110
Guskey, T. R. (2000). Evaluating professional development. Corwin Press.
Guskey, T. R. (2002). Does it make a difference? Evaluating professional development. Educational Leadership, 59(6), 45–51.
Huang, Y., Syed-Abdullah, S. I. S., Zulkifli, N. N., & Ghazali, N. (2023). Blended learning as an optimal strategy for teacher’s professional development: Systematic literature review. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 29(2), 284–299. https://doi.org/10.17762/kuey.v29i2.701
Husniyah, A. (2019). Investigating demotivational factors in Indonesian EFL classrooms: The case of madrasa students. Studies in English Language and Education, 6(1), 44–60. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v6i1.12210
JASP Team. (2023). JASP (Version 0.17.1) [Computer software]. https://jasp-stats.org/
Jimenez-Silva, M., Olson, K., & Jimenez Hernandez, N. (2012). The confidence to teach english language learners: Exploring coursework's role in developing preservice teachers'efficacy. The Teacher Educator, 47(1), 9-28.
Katz, A. (2017). The intervention: The design of the English-for-Teaching course. In D. Freeman & L. Le Dréan (Eds.), Developing classroom English competence: Learning from the Vietnam experience (pp. 34–43). IDP Education (Cambodia). https://doi.org/10.5746/LEiA/DCEC_2017
Kennedy, K. J., & Hui, S. K. (2006). Developing teacher leaders to facilitate Hong Kong's curriculum reforms: Self-efficacy as a measure of teacher growth. International Journal of Educational Reform, 15(1), 114-128.
Kingham, R. (2023). Pesantren and madrasah in Indonesia. In T. Lindsey, J. Makruf, & H. Pausacker (Eds.), Islam, education and radicalism in Indonesia (1st ed., pp. 48–70). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003269229-4
Kohler, M. (2019). Language education policy in Indonesia: A struggle for unity in diversity. In A. Kirkpatrick & A. J. Liddicoat (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of language education policy in Asia (1st ed., pp. 286–297). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315666235
Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
Krippendorff, K. (2019). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878781
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
Lie, A., Tamah, S. M., & Gozali, I. (2022). The impact of a teacher professional education program on English language use. TESL-EJ, 25(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.25100a6
Martin, C. L., & Nuss, S. V. (2022). Reflections on practice, additional considerations, and the importance of institutional support for teachers. In S. V. Nuss, & C. L. Martin (Eds.), Student-centered approaches to Russian language teaching (pp. 192-202). Routledge.
McCrudden, M. T., & McTigue, E. M. (2019). Implementing integration in an explanatory sequential mixed methods study of belief bias about climate change with high school students. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 13(3), 381–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689818762576
Malureanu, A., Panisoara, G., & Lazar, I. (2021). The relationship between self-confidence, self-efficacy, grit, usefulness, and ease of use of elearning platforms in corporate training during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 13(12), Article 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126633
Myatt, P., Gannaway, D., Chia, I., Fraser, K., & McDonald, J. (2018). Reflecting on institutional support for SoTL engagement: Developing a conceptual framework. International Journal for Academic Development, 23(2), 147-160.
National Geographic Learning. (2014). ELTeach Implementation Report: Costa Rica. National Geographic Learning.
National Geographic Learning. (2015). ELTeach Teacher’s Reference Book. National Geographic Learning.
National Geographic Learning. (2016). ELTeach Implementation Report: Nicaragua. National Geographic Learning.
National Geographic Learning. (2022). Introducing ELTeach 3.0. National Geographic Learning. https://eltngl.com/sites/elteach3resources/home
Philipsen, B., Tondeur, J., Scherer, R., Pynoo, B., & Zhu, C. (2022). Measuring institutional support for online and blended learning professional development: Validating an instrument that examines teachers’ perceptions. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 45(2), 164–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2021.1926973
Qoyyimah, U., Singh, P., Exley, B., Doherty, C., & Agustiawan, Y. (2023). Professional identity and imagined student identity of EIL teachers in Islamic schools. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 22(2), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2020.1833726
Richards, J. C. (2017). Teaching English through English: Proficiency, pedagogy and performance. RELC Journal, 48(1), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688217690059
Roehr, S. (2015). ELTeach implementation guide (L. L. Dréan, Ed.). National Geographic Learning.
Saint Technology. (2023). FreeSubtitles.ai. https://freesubtitles.ai/contact
Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19(6), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042
Tschannen-Moran, M., & McMaster, P. (2009). Sources of self-efficacy: Four professional development formats and their relationship to self-efficacy and implementation of a new teaching strategy. The Elementary School Journal, 110(2), 228-245.
World Learning. (2021). Jakarta English Language Teacher Training Program (J-ELTT). World Learning. https://www.worldlearning.org/program/jakarta-english-language-teacher-training-program-j-eltt/
Wright, B. M. (2017). Blended learnings student perception of face-to-face and online EFL lessons. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(1), 64–71. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v7i1.6859
Xu, W., & Zammit, K. (2020). Applying thematic analysis to education: A hybrid approach to interpreting data in practitioner research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19, 1609406920918810. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920918810
Young, J. W., Freeman, D., Hauck, M. C., Gomez, P. G., & Papageorgiou, S. (2014). A design framework for the ELTeach program assessments. ETS Research Report Series, 2014(2), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/ets2.12036
Yu, Z., Guindani, M., Grieco, S. F., Chen, L., Holmes, T. C., & Xu, X. (2022). Beyond t-Test and ANOVA: Applications of mixed-effects models for more rigorous statistical analysis in neuroscience research. Neuron, 110(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2021.10.030
Zagouras, C., Egarchou, D., Skiniotis, P., & Fountana, M. (2022). Face to face or blended learning? A case study: Teacher training in the pedagogical use of ICT. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 12939–12967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11144-y
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Syahid, Anita Lie, Meng Huat Chau

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
REGISTER JOURNAL: https://ejournal.uinsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/register/index is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
Copyright Notice
An author who publishes in REGISTER JOURNAL agrees to the following terms:
- The author retains the copyright and grants the journal the right of first publication of the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal
- The author can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book) with the acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- The author is permitted and encouraged to post his/her work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Read more about the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/.
Privacy Statement
The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal. They will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.





