Retraction

IJIER is committed to maintaining the integrity of the scholarly record. Published articles are not changed or removed without a formal notice. Depending on the problem found, the journal will issue one of the following.

Correction

A correction is published when a small part of an article contains an error that does not affect its main findings or conclusions, such as an error in an author name, affiliation, table, figure, or reference. Authors may request a correction by emailing [email protected]. The correction notice is published in the next issue and linked to the original article.

Expression of Concern

An expression of concern is published when there is serious doubt about an article and the investigation has not yet reached a conclusion. It is updated or replaced once the outcome is known.

Retraction

An article is retracted when its findings are unreliable because of major error, fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, duplicate publication, unethical research, or manipulation of the peer review process. Retraction follows the COPE Retraction Guidelines.

A retracted article remains online. Its title is marked "RETRACTED" and a retraction notice explaining the reason is published and linked to the article. The notice is also sent to the indexing services where the article is listed.

Post-publication Discussion

Readers may raise questions, comments, or concerns about a published article by emailing the editor at [email protected], stating the article title and DOI. The editor will review each comment, forward relevant comments to the authors, and may publish a response or a correction where appropriate. Concerns about possible misconduct are handled according to the Allegations of Research Misconduct policy.