Layanan Bimbingan dan Konseling yang Tidak Netral: Memahami Bentuk-Bentuk Mikroagresi Gender di Sekolah

Andi Wahyu Irawan; Bakhrudin All Habsy; Sedem Nunyuia Amedome

doi:10.18326/pamomong.v6i1.3853

Authors

Andi Wahyu Irawan Universitas Mulawarman
Bakhrudin All Habsy Universitas Negeri Surabaya
Sedem Nunyuia Amedome Ho Technical University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18326/pamomong.v6i1.3853

Keywords:

Gender Microaggressions, Multicultural Counseling, Social Justice Counseling, Gender Bias, Counselor-Counselee Communication

Abstract

Gender microaggressions within counseling services are frequently challenging to detect due to their subtle or indirect nature, often remaining unnoticed by both counselors and clients. Despite their seemingly minor nature, these microaggressions contribute to a non-neutral therapeutic environment, adversely impacting the comfort and psychological well-being of individuals, especially within the inherent power asymmetries between counselors and students. This study employs a case study methodology to explore the various manifestations of gender microaggressions in high school guidance and counseling settings. Data were gathered via in-depth interviews and observations involving two counselors and six students. Analytical procedures were guided by microaggression theory, categorizing behaviors into microinsults, Microassaults, and microinvalidations. The results reveal that gender microaggressions are expressed through stereotypical gender roles, neglect of students' emotional experiences, and the use of gender-biased language. This research significantly advances the discourse on gender awareness in counseling practices and emphasizes the need for gender-sensitive training among counseling professionals to foster a more inclusive environment conducive to students’ psychological well-being.

References

Akdemir, A. (2023). School Guidance & Counseling in The 21st Century: A Focused Review. ISPEC International Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 7(4), 994–1002. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10437673

Ali, A., & Sichel, C. E. (2014). Structural Competency as A Framework for Training in Counseling Psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 42(7), 901–918. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/0011000014550320

Anderson, A. J., Sanchez, B., Reyna, C., Rasgado-Flores, H. (2020). "It Just Weighs in The Back of Your Mind": Microaggressions in Science. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 26(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1615/JWOMENMINORSCIENENG.2020029197

Barnes, H., Morris, E., & Austin, J. (2020). Trans-inclusive genetic counseling services: Recommendations from members of the transgender and non-binary community. Journal of genetic counseling, 29(3), 423–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgc4.1187

Barrera, M., Berkel, C. & Castro, F.G. (2017). Directions for the Advancement of Culturally Adapted Preventive Interventions: Local Adaptations, Engagement, and Sustainability. Prevention Science,18, 640–648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0705-9

Basford, T. E., Offermann, L. R., & Behrend, T. S. (2014). Do You See What I See? Perceptions of Gender Microaggressions in The Workplace. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(3), 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313511420

Baskarada, S. (2014). Qualitative case study guidelines. Baškarada, S.(2014). Qualitative Case Studies Guidelines. The Qualitative Report, 19(40), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2014.1008

Blume, A. W., Lovato, L. V., Thyken, B. N., & Denny, N. (2012). The relationship of microaggressions with alcohol use and anxiety among ethnic minority college students in a historically White institution. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025457

Blume, A. W. (2022). Microaggressions Toward Minority University Students and Their Mental Health Symptoms One Year Later. Psychological Applications and Trends 2022. 8-12. https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact002

Capodilupo, C. M., Nadal, K. L., Corman, L., Hamit, S., Lyons, O. B., & Weinberg, A. (2010). The manifestation of gender microaggressions. In D. W. Sue (Ed.), Microaggressions and marginality: Manifestation, dynamics, and impact (pp. 193–216). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Dhiman, D. B. (2023). Education’s role in empowering women and promoting gender inequality: A critical review. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4556375

Durosaro, I. A. (2016). Patriarchal Attitudes: Counseling as an Effective Intervention. Being a Paper Presented at 164th Inaugural Lecture Delivered at the University of Ilorin, Ilorin Nigeria. Retrieved from https://www.unilorin.edu.ng/UIL/164.pdf

Ecclestone, K. (2007). An identity crisis? Using concepts of ‘identity’, ‘agency’ and ‘structure’ in the education of adults. Studies in the Education of Adults, 39(2), 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/02660830.2007.11661544

Gartner, R. E., Sterzing, P. R., Fisher, C. M., Woodford, M. R., Kinney, M. K., & Victor, B. G. (2020). A scoping review of measures assessing gender microaggressions against women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(3), 283–306. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/0361684320920834

Hancock, D. R., Algozzine, B., & Lim, J. H. (2021). Doing case study research: A practical guide for beginning researchers. New York: Teachers College Press.

Hansen-Osborne, H. (2023). The Cultural Coercion and Minimization of Gender “(Micro) aggressions.” Waltham: Brandeis University. https://doi.org/10.48617/etd.628

Helgeson, V. S. (2020). Psychology of gender. New York: Routledge.

Irawan, A. W. (2022). Microaggressions Of High School Students In Terms Of Subcultures In Samarinda City. JOMSIGN: Journal of Multicultural Studies in Guidance and Counseling, 6(2), 162–182. https://doi.org/10.17509/jomsign.v6i2.46574

Irawan, A. W. (2025). Kerangka Kerja Bimbingan Berbasis Pedagogi Kritis Untuk Menangani Mikroagresi Gender Pada Mahasiswa Melalui Analisis Wacana Michel Foucault. (Unpublished Dissertation) Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia. Retrieved from http://repository.upi.edu/130140/

Irawan, A. W., Sari, E. K., Pimada, L. H., Dwisona, D., & Pratiwi, Y. S. (2023). Preliminary Investigation Of Gender Microaggression Experiences In Students With Veiled: Implications For Counseling Services In Higher Education. Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling Borneo, 5(2), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.35334/jbkb.v5i2.4851

Irawan, A. W., Yulindrasari, H., & Dwisona, D. (2024). Counseling Stigma: A Gender Analysis of Mental Health Access in Higher Education. Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 6(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.51214/00202406837000

Iswari, P. C. C., Savira, A. W., & Mastuti, E. (2023). Overview of Leaders’ Perceptions of the Gender Microaggression on Women in the Workplace. Philanthropy: Journal of Psychology, 7(2), 154–169. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/philanthropy.v7i2.6799

Kim, J. Y., Block, C. J., & Yu, H. (2021). Debunking the ‘model minority’myth: How positive attitudes toward Asian Americans influence perceptions of racial microaggressions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 131, 103648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103648

Kim, J. Y., & Meister, A. (2023). Microaggressions, interrupted: The experience and effects of gender microaggressions for women in STEM. Journal of Business Ethics, 185(3), 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05203-0

Lester, J., Yamanaka, A., & Struthers, B. (2016). Gender microaggressions and learning environments: The role of physical space in teaching pedagogy and communication. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 40(11), 909–926. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2015.1133333

Martin, J. L. (2018). Factors contributing to microaggressions, racial battle fatigue, stereotype threat, and imposter phenomenon for nonhegemonic students: Implications for urban education. In Microaggression Theory (eds G.C. Torino, D.P. Rivera, C.M. Capodilupo, K.L. Nadal and D.W. Sue). 102–120. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119466642.ch7

McCullough, R., Dispenza, F., Parker, L. K., Viehl, C. J., Chang, C. Y., & Murphy, T. M. (2017). The counseling experiences of transgender and gender nonconforming clients. Journal of Counseling & Development, 95(4), 423–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12157

Meyer, E. J. (2015). Gender, bullying, and harassment: Strategies to end sexism and homophobia in schools. New York: Teachers College Press.

Miller, S. M., Maul, T. M., & Wei, J. L. (2023). Physician experiences of workplace racial and gender microaggressions. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 168, 111516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111516

Nadal, K. L., Wong, Y., Griffin, K. E., Davidoff, K., & Sriken, J. (2014). The adverse impact of racial microaggressions on college students’ self-esteem. Journal of College Student Development, 55(5), 461–474. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1353/csd.2014.0051

Nadal, K. L., Wong, Y., Griffin, K., Sriken, J., Vargas, V., Wideman, M., & Kolawole, A. (2011). Microaggressions and the multiracial experience. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(7), 36–44. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=0bd6ff0cdffab937d5732f35484f54ee10ad23ea

Nuraini, H. (2022a). Kompetensi guru bimbingan dan konseling berbasis gender equality and social inclusion (gesi) di kota banjarmasin. Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling Ar-Rahman, 8(2), 162–170. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/jbkr.v8i2.9220

Nuraini, H. (2022b). Perspektif Inklusi Sosial Guru BK Di Kota Banjarmasin Kalimantan Selatan (Kajian Awal Tentang Bimbingan Dan Konseling Berperspektif Inklusivitas Sosial). International Virtual Conference on Islamic Guidance and Counseling, 2(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.18326/iciegc.v2i1.375

Ogunyemi, D., Clare, C., Astudillo, Y. M., Marseille, M., Manu, E., & Kim, S. (2020). Microaggressions in the learning environment: A systematic review. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 13(2), 97–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000107

Periyakoil, V. S., Chaudron, L., Hill, E. V, Pellegrini, V., Neri, E., & Kraemer, H. C. (2020). Common types of gender-based microaggressions in medicine. Academic Medicine, 95(3), 450–457. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000003057

Robinson-Wood, T. (2016). The convergence of race, ethnicity, and gender: Multiple identities in counseling. New York: Sage Publications.

Rosa-Davila, E., Mercado-Sierra, M., Castillo Vazquez, D., & Figueroa, J. F. (2020). The hidden repercussions of microaggressions on individuals in higher education. Journal of Mental Health and Social Behaviour, 2(2), 124. https://doi.org/10.33790/jmhsb1100124

Sa’adah, N., & Rofiqah, R. (2023). Tantangan-tantangan sosial dan emosional siswa: fokus pada peran penting guru bimbingan dan konseling di tingkat SMP dan SMA. Mutiara: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia, 1(1), 74–85. https://doi.org/10.61404/jimi.v1i1.10

Sabila, D. N. (2024). Peran Guru Bimbingan Dan Konseling Dalam Menentukan Pilihan Sekolah Lanjutan Siswa Kelas IX SMP Negeri 2 Ampelgading. (Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis) UIN KH Abdurrahman Wahid Pekalongan, Pekalongan, Indonesia. Retrieved from http://etheses.uingusdur.ac.id/12122/

Sackett, C. R., & Jenkins, A. M. (2019). Utilizing Relational Cultural Theory in Addressing Sexism in the Counseling Relationship. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 14(4), 492–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2019.1632768

Smith, J. A., Chang, C. Y., & Orr, J. J. (2017). A Phenomenological Investigation: Microaggressions and Counselors-in-Training. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 12(2), 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2016.1243076

Soto, A., Smith, T. B., Griner, D., Domenech Rodríguez, M., & Bernal, G. (2018). Cultural adaptations and therapist multicultural competence: Two meta-analytic reviews. Journal of clinical psychology, 74(11), 1907–1923. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22679

Spellman, K., Dillenbeck, J., Edwards, N. N., & Bohecker, L. (2022). Supporting marginalized students in counselor education and supervision programs. Journal of Counselor Leadership and Advocacy, 9(1), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/2326716X.2021.2007429

Sprow, H. N., Hansen, N. F., Loeb, H. E., Wight, C. L., Patterson, R. H., Vervoort, D., Kim, E. E., Greving, R., Mazhiqi, A., & Wall, K. (2021). Gender‐based microaggressions in surgery: a scoping review of the global literature. World Journal of Surgery, 45(5), 1409–1422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-021-05974-z

Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions and marginality: Manifestation, dynamics, and impact. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271-286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.62.4.271

Sue, D. W., & Spanierman, L. (2020). Microaggressions in everyday life. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Tremblay, P. R. (2002). Interviewing and counseling across cultures: Heuristics and biases. Clinical Law Review, 9, 373-416. Retrieved from https://lira.bc.edu/files/pdf?fileid=b33bb63f-2ed4-479c-93d7-171a39a7f3ab