Wājibah will for non-Muslim heirs in Indonesia: a legal political perspective based on justice and welfare
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v24i2.223-250Keywords:
wājibah will, non-muslim, legal politics, justice, welfareAbstract
This research examines the application of Islamic law, social situations, and the state’s orientation in formulating policies regarding ‘wasiat wājibah’ or wājibah will (mandatory will) for non-muslim heirs. The research was conducted in Palangkaraya and Bali, Indonesia. These locations were chosen because both areas have unique characteristics that combine religious heterogeneity and high tolerance. Wājibah will is a mandated will, given when an heir is unable to inherit for certain reasons. This study uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method. The primary data for this research includes interviews and court rulings. The issues discussed in this article are analyzed using a legal-political perspective. The findings indicate that the establishment of the wājibah will is not only based on legal-normative reasons but also on social and political factors. The establishment of the wājibah will, which guarantees equality before the law in interfaith families, is expected to have a positive impact on social and political order, creating a just, tolerant, and humane society. However, there remain gaps in the legal substance of the wājibah will for non-muslim heirs, as it has not been explicitly regulated in existing legislation. Therefore, there is a need to develop policies in the form of regulations that specifically address wājibah wills for non-muslim heirs. The establishment of the wājibah will for non-muslims is a form of legal reform in inheritance law in Indonesia. Methodologically, legal reform is conducted through an extensive interpretation approach, which is an activity that broadens the scope of an interpretation based on the analogy of reason between old and new issues. Additionally, the reform also considers living law as a reference to reconcile the demands of justice in society with legal certainty.
References
Abdillah, Y.Y. (2020) Wasiat Wajibah Ahli Waris Beda Agama Dalam Tinjauan Ontologi, Epistemologi Dan Aksiologi (Kajian Putusan Nomor: 2/Pdt.G/2011/PA-Kbj) https://badilag.mahkamahagung.go.id/artikel/publikasi/artikel/wasiat-wajibah-ahli-waris-beda-agama-dalam-tinjauan-ontologi, Badilag Mahkamah Agung.
Abramchayev, L. (2004) ‘A Social Contract Argument for the States Duty to Protect from Private Violence’, Civil Rights and Economic Development, 18(3).
Abubakar, M. (2010) Falsafah Hidup Budaya Huma Betang dalam Membangun Kerukunan Hidup Umat Beragama di Kota Palangka Raya Kalimantan Tengah. Yogyakarta: Aditya Media Publishing,.
Ahadias, A.D.A. (2019) Wasiat wâjibah bagi anak angkat dan orang tua angkat dalam pasal 209 Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Universitas Islam Negeri Bandung.
Ahmatnijar, A. (2019) ‘Sisi Lain dari Putusan Mahkamah Agung RI Nomor 16/K/Ag/2010 Tentang Implementasi Wasiat Wajibah Terhadap Kewarisan Beda Agama; Kajian Dari Aspek Status Perkawinan Dan Wasiat Wajibah’, Jurnal el-Qanuniy: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Kesyariahan dan Pranata Sosial, 5(2), pp. 212–226. Available at: https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.24952/el-qonuniy.v5i2.2140.
Al-Shāṭibī, A.I.I. bin M.B.M. (1997) al-Muwāfaqāt fī Uṣūl al-Sharī‘ah. Arab Saudi: Dār Ibn ‘Affān.
Al-Ẓuhaylī, W. (2000) Ḥaqq al-Ḥurriyyah Fi al-‘Ālam. 1st edn. Damsyiq: Dar al-Fikr.
Al-Ẓuhaylī, W. (2010) Al-Fiqh al-Islam wa Adillatuhu. Damsyiq: Dar al-Fikr.
Andayani, D. and Hariyati, T. (2020) ‘Ijtihad Atas Wasiat Wajibah Terhadap Ahli Waris Beda Agama Di Indonesia’, Cepalo, 4(2), p. 55. Available at: https://doi.org/10.25041/cepalo.v4no2.1893.
Anisa Fitri Wibowo (2023) ‘Implikasi Pasal Living Law dalam Undang-undang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Terbaru Terhadap Kehidupan Masyarakat’, Selisik Jurnal Hukum dan Bisnis, 9(1).
Aprilia, O. (2018) Kedudukan Anak Angkat Dalam Pembagian Harta Waris Ditinjau dari Hukum Islam di Pengadilan Agama IA Medan (Doctoral dissertation, UNIMED). Universitas Negeri Medan.
Arifia, M.U. and et.al. (2023) ‘Upaya Meminimalisir Disparitas Putusan Hakim’, Jurnal Syntax Transformation, 4(1), p. 15. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46799/jst.v4i1.677.
Armawan (2024) Pemberdayaan Hukum Yang Hidup Dalam Masyarakat (Living Law) Sebagai Alternatif Penyelesaian Perkara Di Luar Pengadilan (Transaction Out Of Judiciary), https://jdih.mahkamahagung.go.id/legal-product/pemberdayaan-hukum-yang-hidup-dalam-masyarakat-living-law, JDIH Mahkamah Agung RI.co.id.
Asnii, M.F.A.H.M. and Sulong, J. (2016) ‘Fatwa Berhubung Wasiat Wajibah Dan Keseragaman Peruntukannya Dalam Fatwa Negeri-Negeri Di Malaysia’, Al-Qanatir International Journal of Islamic Studies, 5(1).
Asshiddiqie, J. (2014) Pengantar Ilmu Hukum Tata Negara. 5 th. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo persada.
Asy’ari and et. al. (2022) ‘Interfaith Marriage in Perspectives of Classical and Modern Scholars’, Al-Manāhij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 16(2), p. 297. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v16i2.6772.
Azkiya, A. (2019) Pandangan Ahli Hukum Islam Yogyakarta tentang Pelaksanaan Wasiat Wajibah Bagi Ahli Waris Non Muslim di Pengadilan Agama Yogyakarta. Universitas Islam Indonesia.
Bachri, S. et al. (2024) ‘Contextualizing Islamic Inheritance Law in Indonesia: Addressing Negative Stigma’, Jurnal Ulul Albab, 7(2), p. 171. Available at: https://doi.org/https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/ua/article/view/36754, DOI: 10.30659/jua.v6i1.36754.
Basri, E.H. (2016) ‘Economic Facilities for Non-Muslims in a Muslim Country In the Light of Quran and Sunnah’, Al-Idah, 32(1), pp. 56–77.
Basri, E.H. and Khalil, J. (2014) ‘Payment of Zakat to non-Muslims in the light of Islamic Shariah’, Al-Idah, 29(2), pp. 91–106.
Candrawan (2024) ‘Personal Interview, 19 August 2024’.
Coffey, D. et al. (2012) ‘Custom and Living Law’, Jurisprudence An International Journal of Legal and Political Thought, 3(1), p. 72. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/20403313.2012.11423536.
Daud, Z.F.M. and Azahari, R. (2022) ‘The wajibah will: alternative wealth transition for individuals who are prevented from attaining their inheritance’, International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 38(1), pp. 1–19.
Denzin, N.K. and and Lincoln, Y.S. (1994) HandBook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage Publications.
Duc, A. Le (2023) ‘Responsibility as a Primary Environmental Virtue in Islam’, Asian Journal of Philosophy and Religion (AJPR), 2(1), p. 188. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55927/ajpr.v2i1.4821.
El-Seoudi, A. et al. (2012) ‘The lives of non-Muslims and their rights in the Muslim society in Malaysia. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences’, Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(7), pp. 1150–1155.
Elfia, Surwati and Fajri, Y. (2021) ‘Kewarisan Beda Agama di Nagari Persiapan Bancah Kariang Kecamatan Kinali Kabupaten Pasaman Barat’, Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 6(2), pp. 341–366. Available at: https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v6i2.3479.
Farkhani et al. (2023) ‘Legal Protection of Minority Rights: Study on the Implementation of Qanun Number 6 of 2014 Concerning the Jinayat Law in Langsa City, Aceh Special Region Province’, Al-Manāhij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 17(2), p. 216. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v17i2.7897.
Finke, R., & Harris, J. (2012) ‘Wars and Rumors of Wars: Explaining Religiously Motivated Violence’, Religion, politics, society and the state [Preprint].
Friedman, L.M. and Hayden, G.M. (2017) American Law an Introduction. Third Edit. New York: Oxford University Press.
Georges Tamer (Ed.) (2020) The Concept of Peace in Judaism, Christianity and Islam: Key Concepts in Interreligious Discourses, Volume 8. Berlin: CPI books GmbH, Leck.
Hakim, M.L. et al. (2023) ‘Between Exclusivity and Inclusivity of Institutions: Examining the Role of the Indonesian Ulema Council and Its Political Fatwa in Handling the Spread of Covid-19’, Jurnal Khazanah Hukum, 5(3), p. 236. Available at: https://doi.org/DOI: 10.15575/kh.v5i3.30089.
Hasan, M. (2023) ‘Construction of Modern Islamic Inheritance Law based on Ijtihad of the Judges at the Religious Court of Pontianak, West Kalimantan’, Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 7(2), pp. 650–668. Available at: https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i2.8852.
Hasanudin, H. (2021) ‘Transformasi Fiqh Mawaris dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia’, Islamadina : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 22(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.30595/islamadina.v22i1.8942.
Herenawati, K., Sujana, I.N. and Kusuma, I.M.H. (2020) ‘Kedudukan Harta Warisan dari Pewaris Non Muslim dan Penerapan Wasiat Wajibah bagi Ahli Waris Non Muslim (Analisis Penetapan Pengadilan Agama Badung Nomor: 4/Pdt.P/2013/PA.Bdg Tanggal 7 Maret 2013)’, DiH: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.30996/dih.v16i1.2654.
Hidayat, A. and Arifin, Z. (2029) ‘Politik Hukum Legislasi Sebagai Socio-Equilibrium di Indonesia’, Jurnal Ius Constituendum, 4(2), p. 149. Available at: https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/jic.v4i2.1654.
Hidayati, S. (2012) ‘Ketentuan Wasiat Wâjibah Di Pelbagai Negara Muslim Kontemporer’, Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 12(1). Available at: https://doi.org/Https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v12i1.982.
Hofler, A. (2010) ‘Morality and the Law Teacher’, The Law Teacher Journal, 15(2), p. 116. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03069400.1981.9992553.
Hosen, N. (2011) ‘Book Review: Modernization, Tradition and Identity: The Kompilasi Hukum Islam and Legal Practice in the Indonesian Religious Courts’, South East Asia Research, 19(1). Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5367/sear.2011.0038.
Husni, M. (2019) ‘Mencegah Potensi Konflik dalam Pelaksanaan Wasiat Pembagian Harta, Mungkinkah?’, De Jure: Jurnal Hukum dan Syar’iah, 11(2), p. 92. Available at: https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v11i2.6728.
Ideham, W. (2022) ‘Substitute Heirs in the Compilation of Islamic Law: An Overview from Gender Equality Perspective Case Study of the Religious Courts in Banjarmasin’, Samarah: Jurnal hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 6(2), pp. 1046–1064. Available at: https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v6i2.12466.
Idrus Ruslan (2013) ‘Pemikiran “Kontrak Sosial” Jean Jacques Rousseau dan Masa Depan Umat Beragama’, Al-Adyan: Jurnal Studi Lintas Agama, VIII(2), pp. 17–36. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24042/ajsla.v8i2.583.
Ilhami, H. (2015) ‘Development of the Regulation Related to Obligatory Bequest (Wasiat Wajibah) in Indonesian Islamic Inheritance Law System’, Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada, 27(3). Available at: https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.15884.
Iqbal, K. (2010) ‘Re-Conceptualising the Right to Development in Islamic Law’, The International Journal of Human Rights, 14(7), p. 1013. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13642980902933597.
Irianto, S. (2012) ‘Memperkenalkan Kajian Sosio-Legal dan Implikasi Metodologisnya’, in Kajian Sosio-Legal. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia, p. 6.
Irianto, S. (2022) Living Law dalam Rancangan Hukum Pidana.
Iwannudin (2016) ‘Ahli Waris Pengganti Menurut Hazairin’, Mahkamah, 1(2).
Jalilvand, M.S. (2020) ‘The role of justice in the quality of laws’, Journal Contemporary Justice Review, 23(1). Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2019.1700373.
Kamarudin (2015) ‘Penerapan Wasiat Wajibah bagi Ahli Waris Non-Muslim (Studi Kasus Perkara No.16K/AG/2010)’, MIZANI: Wacana Hukum, Ekonomi dan Keagamaan, 2(2).
Karimullah, S.S. (2023) ‘The Implications Of Islamic Law On The Rights Of Religious Minorities In Muslim-Majority Countries’, MILRev : Metro Islamic Law Review, 2(2), p. 90. Available at: https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v2i2.7847.
Khosyi’ah, S. and Rusyana, A.Y. (2022) ‘Inheritance Settlement of Descendants of Children and Siblings in Islamic Law with Local Wisdom in Indonesia’, Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), p. 5. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2126615.
Lathifah, A. (2022) ‘Distributing Rights , Social Justice , and Managing Conflict of Ahmadis’, De Jure: Jurnal Hukum dan Syar’iah, 14(2), pp. 317–333. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v14i2.18289.
Lev, D.S. (2018) Hukum dan Politik di Indonesia Kesinambungan dan Perubahan. Jakarta: LP3ES.
Lewis, S. (2023) ‘Towards a General Practice of Precedent’, Jurisprudence: an International Journal of Legal and Political Thought, 14(2), p. 202. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/20403313.2022.2145795.
Lisnawati (2024) Personal Interview, 19 August 2024.
Lundstedt, L. and Sinander, E. (2020) ‘Enhancing Critical Thinking in Private International Law’, The Law Teacher Journal, 54(3,9). Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03069400.2019.1708035.
Mahfud MD, M. (2012) Membangun Politik Hukum Menegakkan Konstitusi. Cet. 3. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo persada.
Mahkamah Agung (2015) Putusan Mahkamah Agung 721/K/Ag/2015. Direktori Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia.
Mahmudi, Z. et al. (2024) ‘The charity values within Islamic law of inheritance in Malang: Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah and social construction perspectives’, Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 8(3).
Manan, A. (2015) ‘Environmental Pollution and Damage in Islamic Law Perspective’, Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan, 4(2), p. 223. Available at: https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.4.2.2015.223-240.
Masriani, Y.T. (2011) ‘Pelaksanaan Pengangkatan Anak Antarwarga Negara Indonesia Menurut Hukum Islam’, Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum dan Dinamika Masyarakat, 9(1), pp. 69–80.
Matnuh, H. (2018) ‘Law as a Tool of Social Engineering’, in. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2991/icsse-17.2018.28.
Maula, B.S. and et al. (2021) ‘The Application of the Principle of Judges’Independence in Blasphemy Cases in Indonesia’s Post-Reform Era’, al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 6(2), p. 315. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v6i2.3465.
Maulana, A. and et al. (2024) ‘Inheritance Rights of Nasabiyyah Children Born Out of Wedlock According to Islamic Family Law’, El-Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga, 7(2), p. 445. Available at: https://doi.org/10.22373/ujhk.v7i2.25072.
Maulana, Z.A. (2013) Kajian Yuridis Tentang Wasiat Wajibah Kepada Ahli Waris Non Muslim Menurut Hukum Waris Islam (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung RI Nomor 368. K/AG/1995). Universitas Jember.
Mertokusumo, S. (2014) Penemuan Hukum. Yogyakarta: Cahaya Atma Pusaka.
Munshar, M.Y.A. (2012) ‘In the shadow of the “Arab Spring”: the fate of non-Muslims under Islamist rule’, Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 23(4), pp. 487–503. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2012.712434.
Mustar (2020) ‘Personal Interview, 19 September 2020’. Jakarta.
Mustar (2024) ‘Personal Interview, 10, 18 and 19 Augst 2024’.
Nadhimin (2024) ‘Personal Interview, 18 August 2024’.
Neta, Y., Budiyono and Firmansyah, A.A. (2021) ‘The Model of Local Regulation of the Human Rights Fulfillment Based on Progressive Law’, Jambura Law Review, 3(Special issue), pp. 18–34. Available at: https://doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v3i0.7301.
Parra, O. de la (2010) Can Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Social Contract Support a Conception of Supra-National Citizenship? University College Dublin.
Pratama, R.A. (2017) Pengadaan Tanah Bagi Pelaksanaan Pembangunan untuk Kepentingan Umum di Kabupaten Dompu Nusa tenggara Barat. Universitas Islam Indonesia.
Pratiwi, I.E. (2018) ‘Factors Influencing Muslims Compliance Behavior in Paying Zakah of Income: A Case Study in Jayapura (A Non-Muslim Region in Indonesia)’, Qijis, 6(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v6i1.3718.
Ramadhan, S. and Muslimin, J. (2022) ‘Indonesian Religious Court Decisions on Child Custody Cases: Between Positivism and Progressive Legal Thought’, JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 21(1), p. 89. Available at: https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i1.5723.
Reskiani, A. et al. (2022) ‘Reform Methods of Islamic Inheritance Law in Indonesia in Jurisprudence’, Juris: Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah, 21(1), pp. 39–51. Available at: https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i1.5564.
Ritonga, R. (2022) ‘Telaah Kritis Konsep Radd dalam Waris Islam Menurut ‘Aly al-Shabuny’, Al-Qanun: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Pembaharuan Hukum Islam, 25(1), p. 48.
Al Sadi F. H and Basit, T.N. (2013) ‘Religious tolerance in Oman: addressing religious prejudice through educational intervention’, British Educational Research Journal, 39(3), pp. 447–472.
Sadi Sadiani (2024) ‘Personal interview, 24 Agustus 2024’.
Sameh, C. (2010) ‘Discourses of Equality, Rights andIslam in the One Million Signatures Campaign in Iran’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 12(3–4), p. 453. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2010.513113.
Saragih, E.T.P. and et.al. (2021) ‘The Law Enforcement Weakness of Songs and Musics Copyright Crimes’, Jambura Law Review, 3(1), p. 151. Available at: https://doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v3i1.7710.
Subchi, I. et al. (2022) ‘Religious Moderation in Indonesian Muslims’, MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 13(5), p. 5. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13050451.
Sufriadi, Y. (2024) ‘The Progress of Indonesian Law Enforcement Reform After 25 Years of The Reform Movement’, Asian Affairs: An American Review, 51(1). Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2023.2268491.
Suhardin, Y. (2009) ‘Fenomena Mengabaikan Keadilan dalam Penegakan Hukum’, Mimbar Hukum, 21(2), pp. 341–353. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16261.
Sujana, I.N. (2020) ‘Legacy in Different Religion and The Implementation of Wajibah Heritage Against Non Moslem Heir In Indonesian’, Jurnal Notariil, 5(1), pp. 8–15. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22225/jn.5.1.1784.8-15.
Suwarti and et al. (2022) ‘Conflicts Occurring Due to the Application of Different Legal Inheritance Systems in Indonesia’, LEGALITY: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 30(2), p. 217. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v30i2.21020.
Syafitri, V. (2015) ‘Analisis Yuridis terhadap Wasiat Wajibah dalam Perspektif Fikih Islam (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Tentang Ahli Waris yang Beragama Non-Muslim)’, Premise Law Journal, pp. 1–14.
Syarief, A.O. and et al. (2021) ‘Implementasi Hukum Positif Terhadap Penetapan Wasiat Wajibah Berdasarkan Kewenangan Hakim Pengadilan Agama’, Jurnal Hukum Das Sollen, 6(2), p. 79. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32520/das-sollen.v6i2.1780.
Tabrani, Z. and Walidin, W. (2017) ‘Hak-Hak Non Muslim dalam Pemerintahan: Konsep Dien wa Ni’mah dan Pluralisme Agama di Indonesia’, Al-Ijtimai: International Journal of Government and Social Science, 3(1), pp. 15–28. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22373/jai.v3i1.435.
Tanya, B.L. (2011) Politik Hukum Agenda Kepentingan Bersama. Yogyakarta: Genta Publishing.
Thomassen, L. (2005) ‘Heterogeneity and Justice: Borders and Communities in Angelopoulos’s Eternity and a Day’, Contemporary Justice Review Jurnal, 8(4), pp. 381–395. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580500334247.
Thomsen, F.K. (2018) ‘Concept, Principle, and Norm Equality Before The Law Reconsidered’, Legal Theory, 24(2), pp. 103–134.
Tono, S. (2013) Wasiat Wajibah Sebagai Alternatif Mengakomodasi Bagian Ahli Waris Nonmuslim Di Indonesia. Universitas Islam Indonesia.
Urinboyev, R. and Svensson, M. (2013) ‘Living Law, Legal Pluralism, and Corruption in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan’, The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 45(3), p. 376. Available at: https://doi.org/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07329113.2014.867752, https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2014.867752.
Vinjamuri, L. and Snyder, J. (2015) ‘Law and politics in transitional justice’, Annual Review of Political Science [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-122013-110512.
Wahyurudhanto, A. (2018) ‘Pelayanan Sektor Keamanan oleh Negara: Konteks Kepolisian’, in.
Wardhani, L.T.A.L. and et. al. (2022) ‘The Adoption of Various Legal Systems in Indonesia: an Effort to Initiate the Prismatic Mixed Legal Systems’, Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), p. 13. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2104710.
Wisarja, I.K. and Sudarsana, I.K. (2023) ‘Tracking the Factors Causing Harmonious Hindu-Islamic Relations in Bali’, Cogent Social Sciences, 9(2). Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2259470.
Yunita, S. and Dewi, D.A. (2021) ‘Urgensi Pemenuhan Hak dan Kewajiban Warga Negara Dalam Pelaksanaannya Berdasarkan Undang-Undang’, De Cive: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan, 1(12), p. 430. Available at: https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.56393/decive.v1i12.274.
Zubair, A. and Latif, H. (2022) ‘The Construction of Inheritance Law Reform in Indonesia: Questioning the Transfer of Properties through Wasiat Wājibah to Non-Muslim Heirs’, Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam, 6(1), pp. 176–197. Available at: https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v6i1.12628.
