The Muslim Afterlife Reward and Punishment Beliefs and Expectations Profiles

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v15i1.27-55

Keywords:

Afterlife beliefs, Supernatural punishment, Prosociality, Death attitude, Future orientation, Latent Profile Analysis

Abstract

Literature from the cognitive and cultural evolutionary sciences of religion indicates that afterlife reward and punishment beliefs increase prosociality. Although Muslims are among the strongest adherents in afterlife reward and punishment belief, there is evidence that there are low levels of prosociality in these societies. This study explores this paradox. Because previous studies have mostly relied on variable-centered approaches to analysis, it is difficult to understand how different afterlife beliefs and expectations together affect Muslims. Using a person-centered approach, the current study employed Latent Profile Analysis to understand how Islamic afterlife reward and punishment beliefs and expectations interact with each other, and what profiles result from this interaction. The study further explored the relationships between the resulting profiles with religiosity, prosociality (integrity, rule breaking ability, self-control), death attitude (death anxiety, and acceptance), and future orientation. The study used data collected from Jordanian (n= 605)  university students. The results indicate that profiles with high levels of afterlife reward and punishment beliefs and afterlife hope expectations have a positive association with religiosity, prosociality and death attitude in both samples, while profiles with high levels of afterlife fear expectation, temporary afterlife punishment expectation, and compulsory temporary afterlife punishment belief have a negative association with religiosity, prosociality and death attitude. The profiles that show the best performance constitute only 23 percent of the Jordanian sample. The study results confirm the existence of a unique phenomenon in which supernatural punishment beliefs have a negative effect on prosocial behavior resulting from belief in temporary punishment in the afterlife.

Author Biographies

Riyad Al-Issa, Institute for Social Science Studies, University Putra Malaysia

As a post-doctoral researcher, my academic journey is deeply rooted in understanding the intricacies of afterlife beliefs within Islamic societies. My work critically examines how these beliefs influence legal obedience, ethical considerations, and mental well-being, especially among youth. By exploring the cognitive foundations and societal impacts of afterlife concepts, I strive to contribute to a broader comprehension and dialogue around these fundamental aspects of religious life.

Steven Krauss, Department of Human Development & Family Science, University of Missouri

Dr. Krauss’ scholarship reflects his commitment to the healthy development of all young people by building supportive ecologies for young people to thrive in schools, families and communities.

Samsilah Roslan, Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia

Samsilah Roslan is a Professor and distinguished educator at UPM, specializing in child and youth development. Since 1997, she has made significant strides in research, focusing on special needs education and gifted children. Recognized with several awards, she actively shapes policies and curriculum in her field, while her innovative research is globally acknowledged. She is currently Head of the Psychology Cluster in the Think Tank committee for the Malaysian Institute of Youth Research and Development.

Haslinda Abdullah, Institute for Social Science Studies, University Putra Malaysia

Haslinda Abdullah is currently a Director at Institute for Social Science Studies, (IPSAS) UPM and a Professor of Applied Psychology at the Department of Social and Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia. Currently her works are more focused on youth and development especially on youth wellbeing and mental health. Her credentials and knowledge on the Malaysian youth is reflected in her role as a member of the think tank for the Institute for Youth Research Malaysia 2018-2020 (IYRES), a statutory body acting as the National youth development research centre under Ministry of Youth and Sports.

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Published

2025-06-26

How to Cite

Al-Issa, R., Krauss, S., Roslan, S., & Abdullah, H. (2025). The Muslim Afterlife Reward and Punishment Beliefs and Expectations Profiles. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 15(1), 27–55. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v15i1.27-55